(1) Vision Health Discovery

1. Age-Related Eye Disease Study Research Group, 2001. A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of high-dose supplementation with vitamins C and E, beta carotene, and zinc for age-related macular degeneration and vision loss: AREDS report no. 8. Archives of Ophthalmology, 119(10), pp.1417–1436 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11594942/

2. Chew, E.Y., Clemons, T.E., SanGiovanni, J.P., et al., 2013. Lutein + zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids for age-related macular degeneration: the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) randomized clinical trial. JAMA, 309(19), pp.2005–2015. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23644932/

3. Chew, E.Y., Clemons, T.E., Agron, E., et al., 2022. Long-term outcomes of adding lutein/zeaxanthin and omega-3 fatty acids to the AREDS supplements on age-related macular degeneration progression: AREDS2 Report 28. JAMA Ophthalmology, 140(7), pp.692–698. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35653117/

4. National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, 2022. NIH study confirms benefit of supplements for slowing age-related macular degeneration. National Eye Institute Research News. https://www.nei.nih.gov/research-and-training/research-news/nih-study-confirms-benefit-supplements-slowing-age-related-macular-degeneration

5. National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health. Age-Related Eye Disease Studies (AREDS/AREDS2): About AREDS and AREDS2. Clinical Trials Summary. https://www.nei.nih.gov/eye-health-information/clinical-trials/age-related-eye-disease-studies-aredsareds2/about-areds-and-areds2

6. Macular Society, 2024. AREDS2 supplements slow sight loss in late-stage dry AMD. Macular Society Research News. Reporting on NIH/National Eye Institute findings published in Ophthalmology. https://www.macularsociety.org/about/media/news/2024/july/areds2-supplements-slow-sight-loss-in-late-stage-dry-amd/

7. Miyake, S., Takahashi, N., Sasaki, M., Kobayashi, S., Tsubota, K., and Ozawa, Y., 2012. Vision preservation during retinal inflammation by anthocyanin-rich bilberry extract: cellular and molecular mechanism. Laboratory Investigation, 92(1), pp.102–109. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21894150/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21894150/

8. Nomi, Y., Iwasaki-Kurashige, K., and Matsumoto, H., 2019. Therapeutic effects of anthocyanins for vision and eye health. Molecules, 24(18), p.3311. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6767261/

9. Ozawa, Y., Kawashima, M., Inoue, S., et al., 2015. Bilberry extract supplementation for preventing eye fatigue in video display terminal workers. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 19(5), pp.548–554 ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25923485/

10. Igawa, Y., Ikarashi, Y., Nakano, Y., Ooe, E., and Kitaichi, N., 2021. A 12-week-long intake of bilberry extract improved objective findings of ciliary muscle contraction of the eye: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group comparison trial. Nutrients, 12(2), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32106548/

11. Tung, W.S., Hamzah, F., and Mohd Ali, N., 2023. Bilberry-containing supplements on severe dry eye disease in young and middle-aged adults: a 3-month pilot analysis. Frontiers in Medicine, 9, p.1074448. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9892183/

12. Campochiaro, P.A., Bhisitkul, R.B., Shapiro, H., and Rubio, R.G., 2013. Vascular endothelial growth factor promotes progressive retinal nonperfusion in patients with retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology, 120(4), pp.795–802. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK525985/

13. Cleveland Clinic, 2024. Retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Cleveland Clinic Health Library. Confirms retinal blood vessel blockage causes blurry vision, floaters, and progressive vision loss, and its association with cardiovascular risk. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/14206-retinal-vein-occlusion-rvo

14. Cleveland Clinic, 2024. Central retinal artery occlusion. Johns Hopkins Medicine Health Library. Confirms that blockage of the retinal artery is closely linked to cardiovascular disease and stroke risk https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/central-retinal-artery-occlusion

15. Campochiaro, P.A., Mir, T.A., and Bhisitkul, R.B., 2018. Diabetic blindness caused and reversed by 'trapped' immune cells in rodent retinas. Journal of Clinical Investigation Insight. Johns Hopkins Medicine Research News. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/newsroom/news-releases/2018/01/diabetic-blindness-caused-and-reversed-trapped-immune-cells-in-rodent-retinas

16. American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2026. What is a retinal vein occlusion? AAO Eye Health Library. Confirms that blockage of retinal veins causes macular edema, vision loss, and that patients with retinal vein occlusion have elevated cardiovascular risk. https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/retinal-vein-occlusion-3

17. Sodhi, A., Eghdam, A., Bhisitkul, R.B., et al., 2023. Johns Hopkins Medicine scientists uncover molecular link between wet and dry macular degeneration. Johns Hopkins Medicine Research News. Published in Science Translational Medicine. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/news/newsroom/news-releases/2023/12/johns-hopkins-medicine-scientists-uncover-molecular-link-between-wet-and-dry-macular-degeneration

Retired Surgeon’s 7-Second "Retinal Flush" Is Restoring 20/20 Vision in Weeks

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